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第 1 页 共 40 页 初中英语语法大全语法网络图一．名词I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
第 2 页 共 40 页 规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. ’s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加’sthe boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,复数名词一般在末尾加’the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’sthe children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
第 3 页 共 40 页 2. ’s所有格的用法：１表示时间today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2表示自然现象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry4表示工作群体the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory5表示度量衡及价值a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life’s time, the play’s plot7某些固定词组a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what,such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar
三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示
职位，身份，头衔Li的名词前ncoln was made President of America.5学科
，语言，球类，棋gHe likes playin类名词前 football/chess.6与by连
用表示交通工具rby train, by ai的名词前, by land7以and连接
的两个相对的名词并uh用时sband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示
泛fHorses are use指的复数名词前ul animals.三
．代词：I.代词可以分为以下
七人称1大类：代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾
格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反
身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some
第 4 页 共 40 页 5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990’s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each,every等限制I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日
代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法
注意点1. one, some：与any:1) one可以
泛指任何多用于ones。so人，也可特指，复数为em肯定句，any多用于疑问句和
否aOne should le定句。rn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于
疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求oWould you like some bananas?C等。uld you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰
可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何gI have read this article in some ma一个。azine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词
连用表示“大约na”，y可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each强调
个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，强调ever而y整体，所指的数必须是三
个或三tEach student has a pocke个以上。 dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We eachhave a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或
宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，
谓 There is no water语单复数皆可以。in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another:1) other泛
指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连eth用，如： other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的
另 the others。如：He外一个，复数为held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
第 5 页 共 40 页 5疑问
又一个，另hot一个”无所指，复数形式是ers，泛e：I don’t lik指“别的人或事”如 this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和eitherall表示不可数名词时，其
谓加both和语动词用单数。lla否定词表示部分否定，全部否t用nei定her和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四
．形容词和副词I.形容词：1. 形容词的位
置：1) 形容词作定语通
常前置，但在下列情况后置so1修饰：m
第 2 页 共 40 页 规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. ’s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加’sthe boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,复数名词一般在末尾加’the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’sthe children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
第 3 页 共 40 页 2. ’s所有格的用法：１表示时间today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2表示自然现象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry4表示工作群体the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory5表示度量衡及价值a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life’s time, the play’s plot7某些固定词组a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what,such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar
三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示
职位，身份，头衔Li的名词前ncoln was made President of America.5学科
，语言，球类，棋gHe likes playin类名词前 football/chess.6与by连
用表示交通工具rby train, by ai的名词前, by land7以and连接
的两个相对的名词并uh用时sband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示
泛fHorses are use指的复数名词前ul animals.三
．代词：I.代词可以分为以下
七人称1大类：代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾
格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反
身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some
第 4 页 共 40 页 5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990’s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each,every等限制I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日
代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法
注意点1. one, some：与any:1) one可以
泛指任何多用于ones。so人，也可特指，复数为em肯定句，any多用于疑问句和
否aOne should le定句。rn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于
疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求oWould you like some bananas?C等。uld you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰
可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何gI have read this article in some ma一个。azine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词
连用表示“大约na”，y可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each强调
个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，强调ever而y整体，所指的数必须是三
个或三tEach student has a pocke个以上。 dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We eachhave a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或
宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，
谓 There is no water语单复数皆可以。in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another:1) other泛
指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连eth用，如： other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的
另 the others。如：He外一个，复数为held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
第 5 页 共 40 页 5疑问
又一个，另hot一个”无所指，复数形式是ers，泛e：I don’t lik指“别的人或事”如 this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和eitherall表示不可数名词时，其
谓加both和语动词用单数。lla否定词表示部分否定，全部否t用nei定her和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四
．形容词和副词I.形容词：1. 形容词的位
置：1) 形容词作定语通
常前置，但在下列情况后置so1修饰：m
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